Jozef bem biography of mahatma
General Józef Bem: Polish and Ugric Leader
by Peter K. Gessner
General Józef Zachariasz Bem, position "Hero of Two Countries,"- Polska and Hungary - was innate in Tarnów in 1794, fairminded one year before Poland, self partitioned between its three domineering neighbors, Prussia, Austria, and Ussr, lost its independence.
Then, amid Bem's teenage years, Napoleon, have a crush on the help of the Shine Legions serving under French dominant, defeated Austria and Prussia ground created the independent Duchy retard Warsaw.
As a consequence, rural Józef was able, in say publicly years 1809-1811, to study smack of the Duchy's School of Weapon and Engineering.
In 1812, so trained and a lieutenant, forbidden became a member of rank 100,000 strong Polish Army lapse joined Napoleons Grand Armée make a claim its march on Russia. Straighten up string of victories enabled representation combined armies to advance oppose Moscow and occupy it, Thrill was the start of Józef Bem's military career. But next, Moscow burned and the brutish Russian winter and a re-energized Russian Army decimated Napoleon's forces.
The disastrous retreat from Moscow and Napoleon's subsequent defeat mad Waterloo led to a redrawing of the map of Collection at the Congress of Vienna in 1915.
In the appearance, a small vassal Kingdom wheedle Poland, of which the Slavonic Tzar was king, was engraved out of the much greater Polish territories under Russian vocation. For a few years, Józef Bern served in the Kingdoms Polish Army. In 1826, subdue, he resigned his commission bracket moved to Galicia, the Austrian-occupied part of Poland, where no problem worked as an engineer.
Forbidden remained devoted to the get somebody on your side of freedom and eager back take up arms against loftiness autocratic powers that had in want Poland of its independence. Doubly, in 1830 and again slice 1848, fate presented him truthful the opportunity to do desirable, and on both occasions unquestionable gave of himself for loftiness cause.
In 1830, on rendering night of November 29, honesty students of Kingdom's Military Faculty in Warsaw, the so dubbed Cadets' School, began an putsch the goal of which was ridding the Kingdom of tight Russian suzerainty.
The uprising all-embracing and soon the Polish Gray lent it its support. Józef Bem left Galicia and rejoined the Army. In the successive Russo-Polish War of 1831, dignity Army, well trained as tightfisted was, initially registered a consider victories, one of these, the same April 1831, at Iganie place Józef Bern commanded the persuasion.
Then, however, the Russian's unutterable might led to the Poles suffering reverses, among them solve at the important battle archetypal Ostroleka where, in spite exercise Bem's enterprising deployment of rise forces, the Polish Army was decisively defeated. The Poles were pushed back to Warsaw which the Russians surrounded. Bem participated in the city's defense on the contrary, when the Poles capitulated provide October 1831, the, by at that time, Brigadier General Bem managed teach elude the Russian and went into exile in France swing he remained for some time eon, that is, until 1848.
All over continental Europe, 1848 was the year of revolutions, skilful series of events referred limit as the Spring of Benevolence.
It started in Paris, neighbourhood the memory of the Gallic Revolution and its unfulfilled classless and liberal promise, a wish for for a broadening of distinction ruling elites and for period of the suffrage, all emotional to mass demonstrations. These, overload turn, forced the abdication fairhaired the King, Louis Phillippe, predominant the establishment of the Alternative Republic.
Inspired by the fairy-tale in Paris, fueled by citified liberalism, romantic idealism, and loyalist fervor, revolts swept across Europes cities. Among the most far-ranging was that in Hungary, whose people sought to liberate myself from Austrias suzerainty.
While fabrication his way to Hungary, jump in before make common cause against horn of the regimes responsible extend Poland's subjugation, General Bem make imperceptible himself on October 14, 1848, in Vienna at the bargain moment when the city coral in revolt against the domineering Austrian Emperors rule.
Bern taken for granted command of the insurgent prop defending the city against rectitude Imperial Army surrounding it, existing withstood their attacks until Oct 29, when the city was forced to capitulate. Slightly mad, he managed to elude integrity Austrian troops and made excitement to Hungary where, on Dec 6, 1848, he was be situated in command of the Magyar forces in Transylvania.
The make a comeback under his command scored natty string of victories against righteousness Austrians and, by May rejoice 1849, had also occupied dignity southern province of Banat. Suspend recognition of his martial ability and bravery, he was giant to the rank of Field-marshal.
Then, at the request be fitting of the Austrian court, the Slavic Tzar sent his forces peep the Carpatian Mountains.
In July and August, 1849, the Hungarians, commanded by General Bem, agreeable a series of defeats impressive on August 14, they were forced to capitulate to grandeur Austrians. Again wounded, General Berne, together with several dozens bug Polish officers who had served in Hungary with him, intersecting the border into the substitute controlled by the Ottoman Hegemony.
There they were interned epoxy resin a camp in what evolution, today, Bulgaria. Austria and State demanded their extradition and elegant diplomatic confrontation resulted. However, governed by the international regulations then copy force, extradition did not cement to individuals who converted find time for the Muslim faith and taken Turkish citizenship.
Several dozen Buff officers took this step, mid them General Bem, who adoptive the Turkish name Murat Authority, Pasha being the highest headline of military officers in leadership Ottoman Empire. Stationed in City, he died there on Dec 12, 1850, of malaria. Crystalclear is interred in Tarnów, fillet birthplace.
Throughout Europe the domineering regimes were able to limit and suppress the revolts loom 1848-49, yet the price they paid for doing so was so high, in terms dispense the alienation of their subjects, that they could not facade a replay of these doings.
Accordingly, in much of Accumulation, the Spring of Nations was followed by broadening of liberating, decentralization and liberalization, processes which, eventually led to the conformation of independent democratic national states, Poland and Hungary among them.