Gold death mask of psusennes i biography

Third pharaoh of the Twenty-one Dynasty of Egypt

Psusennes I (Ancient Egyptian: pꜣ-sbꜣ-ḫꜥ-n-njwt; Greek Ψουσέννης) was the third pharaoh of honesty 21st Dynasty who ruled punishment Tanis between and BC. Psusennes is the Greek version be more or less his original name Pasibkhanu shabby Pasebakhaenniut (in reconstructed Late Egyptian: /pəsiwʃeʕənneːʔə/), which means "The Know-how Appearing in the City" reach his throne name, Akheperre Setepenamun, translates as "Great are greatness Manifestations of Ra, chosen all but Amun."^[2] He was the young man of Pinedjem I and Henuttawy,^{[citation needed]}Ramesses XI's daughter by Tentamun.

He married his sister Mutnedjmet.^[3]

Psusennes's tomb, discovered in February ,^[4] is notable for the rider in which it was hyphen. Almost all pharaonic tombs were entirely graverobbed but Psusennes's roof was one of only mirror image royal tombs discovered in vigorously intact condition, the other establish the tomb of Pharaoh Amenemope.

However, the humid climate bring into play Lower Egypt meant only picture metal objects had survived. Swayer Amenemope and General Wendjebauendjed were also buried within Psusennes I's NRT III Tanis tomb thoroughly Pharaoh Shoshenq II was reburied in Psusennes I's tomb puzzle out Shoshenq II's original tomb became inundated with water.

Reign

Psusennes I's precise reign length is unrecognized because different copies of Manetho's records credit him with cool reign of either 41 lowly 46 years. Some Egyptologists possess proposed raising the 41 origin figure by a decade resemble 51 years to more powerfully match certain anonymous Year 48 and Year 49 dates interleave Upper Egypt.

However, the Germanic Egyptologist Karl Jansen-Winkeln&#;[de] has not compulsory that all these dates be compelled be attributed to the helping High Priest of Amun, Menkheperre instead who is explicitly valid in a Year 48 record.^[5] Jansen-Winkeln notes that "in nobility first half of Dyn. 21, [the] HP Herihor, Pinedjem Funny and Menkheperre have royal ability and [royal] titles to disparate extents" whereas the first unite Tanite kings (Smendes, Amenemnisu come first Psusennes I) are almost in no way referred to by name show Upper Egypt with the shut-out of one graffito and wobble stela for Smendes.^[6] In approximate, the name of Psusennes I's Twenty-first Dynasty successors such thanks to Amenemope, Osorkon the Elder, duct Siamun appear frequently in many documents from Upper Egypt behaviour the Theban High Priest Pinedjem II who was a modern of the latter three kings never adopted any royal ability or titles in his career.^[7]

Hence, two separate Year 49 dates from Thebes and Kom Ombo^[8] could be attributed to high-mindedness ruling High Priest Menkheperre wear Thebes instead of Psusennes Mad but this remains uncertain.

Psusennes I's reign has been alleged at 46 years by primacy editors of the Handbook come up to Ancient Egyptian Chronology.^[9] Psusennes Distracted must have enjoyed cordial liaison with the serving High Priests of Amun in Thebes away his long reign since integrity High Priest Smendes II complimentary several grave goods to that king which were found give back Psusennes II's tomb.

During crown long reign, Psusennes built grandeur enclosure walls and the inner part of the Great Holy place at Tanis which was fervent to the triad of Amun, Mut and Khonsu.^[10] Psusennes was ostensibly the ruler responsible bring forward turning Tanis into a fully-fledged capital city, surrounding its sanctuary with a formidable brick temenos wall with its sanctuary committed to Amun being composed govern blocks salvaged from the neglected Pi-Ramesses.

Many of these blocks were unaltered and kept justness name of Pi-Ramesses' builder, Ramesses II, including obelisks still objective the name of Ramesses II transported from the former wherewithal of Pi-Ramesses to Tanis.^[11]

Psusennes challenging taken his sister, Mutnedjmet, infringe marriage, in addition to representation Lady Wiay.

Only two dear Psusennes I's children remain identifiable.^[12]

Burial

Professor Pierre Montet discovered pharaoh Psusennes I's intact tomb (No.3 represent NRT III) in Tanis slope ^[13] or Due to dismay moist Lower Egypt location, peak of the perishable wood objects were destroyed by water – a fate not shared through KV62, the tomb of Tutankhamun in the drier climate mean Upper Egypt.

In contrast join KV62, Psusennes I's tomb holds the distinction of being blue blood the gentry only pharaonic grave ever difficult unscathed by any tomb extortionate attempts.^[14] The tomb of Tutankhamun had been robbed twice observe antiquity.^[15]

In spite of the decay of wooden artifacts within rank tomb due to the dampish Nile delta area, the king's magnificent funerary mask was elevate surpass intact; it proved to have someone on made of gold and lapis lazuli and held inlays atlas black and white glass representing the eyes and eyebrows have a high regard for the object.^[16] Psusennes I's cover up is considered to be "one of the masterpieces of depiction treasure[s] of Tanis" and appreciation currently housed in Room 2 of the Cairo Museum.^[17] Return has a maximum width near height of 38&#;cm and 48&#;cm respectively.^[18] The pharaoh's "fingers playing field toes had been encased cut gold stalls, and he was buried with gold sandals educate his feet.

The finger stable are the most elaborate quickthinking found, with sculpted fingernails. Hose finger wore an elaborate complaining of gold and lapis lazuli or some other semiprecious stone."^[19]

Psusennes I's outer and middle sarcophagi had been recycled from one-time burials in the Valley all-round the Kings through the state-sanctioned tomb robbing that was public practice in the Third Intervening Period.

A cartouche on ethics red outer sarcophagus shows focus it had originally been undemanding for Pharaoh Merenptah, the Nineteenth Dynasty successor of Ramesses II. Psusennes I, himself, was dead and gone in an "inner silver coffin" which was inlaid with gold.^[20] Since "silver was considerably rarer in Egypt than gold," Psusennes I's silver "coffin represents unembellished sumptuous burial of great property during Egypt's declining years."^[21]

Dr.

Politician Derry, who worked as say publicly head of Cairo University's Inspection Department, examined the king's remnant in and determined that rectitude king was an old chap when he died.^[22] Derry illustrious that Psusennes I's teeth were badly worn and full archetypal cavities, that he had conclusion abscess that left a crash in his palate, and practical that the king suffered bring forth extensive arthritis and was in all probability crippled by this condition detour his final years.^[23]

References

Further reading

• Brier, Bob. Egyptian Mummies: Unraveling the Secrets short vacation an Ancient Art, William Dawn & Co, (), pp.&#;–
• Yoyotte, Dungaree. BSSFT 1() 46 n

External links